![]() Multiplying the two together gives me the number of moles of sugar I need to put into my coffee in the morning, r oughly 0.025 mol or 25 mmol. I also know that my coffee is on average 50 ml in volume, also known as 0.05 L. Let's say I know from a recent paper that my taste buds require 0.5 mol/L glucose (this measure is called concentration) to compensate for my bitter coffee in the morning. Let me walk you through two examples of molar mass calculations to understand the relevance of molar masses in a chemist's daily life. atoms, you can use this formula to calculate the molar mass. For a compound consisting of A NaB NbC Nc. You want the formula, I understand, I also like formulas a lot. There are a lot of advanced applications for monoisotopic compounds (compounds with just one isotope in them), and you can learn more about these in the " Isotopes" article. For example, "heavy water" is water made up of Deuterium, which is just heavy hydrogen, but this tiny difference is a big deal when calculating the molar mass of heavy water. In an extreme case, you will just have one isotope (such as in NMR solvents, at least very expensive ones) and then you would use the atomic weight of that specific isotope. The point is, in this case, you need to pay attention to which isotope of the compound you are using because each one would give a different final molar mass. on second thought, I don't think I should teach you how to purify Uranium for your home atomic bomb shenanigans so I will omit that section here. It contains Uranium which has an average weight closer to 235 g/mol. Sometimes you build compounds with an unnatural isotope distribution, for example, a nuclear bomb. ![]() formula weight, monoisotopic mass, molecular mass, molecular weight, atomic weight, etc.Strictly speaking what we have been discussing (and what you need for your exam) is the molar mass taking the actual formula of the compound you are interested in and adding up atomic masses. You might have even heard about some of them e.g. There are actually a whole bunch of different types of weights and masses used to describe atoms and it can be important to know the difference between them. The units for both measures are atomic mass units. Then we can calculate how heavy a mole of molecules is by adding up atomic masses. It's called the atomic mass (like the weight of an average grain of sand in the example above) and we use it to calculate how heavy a mole of those atoms is, i.e. So we invented something to deal with the issue. In this case, you would need 10 kg of sand per batch of cement.A chemist faces this issue on a daily basis: we know how many atoms we need, but it is impossible for us to count them out one by one. ![]() ![]() Then you can just calculate how many kilos of sand you need. Let's say you get 10 mg which means it's 1/10th of a mg per grain of sand. You can probably figure out how much an average grain of sand weighs by measuring 100 of them on a scale. Now you might be tempted to start and actually count it out because you are paid an hourly wage, but if you need to do it efficiently there is another way. Imagine you are working at a construction site and the engineer is a very precise man: he comes up with the estimate that you need to use 100 million grains of sand per batch of cement mixed.
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The visual language of Genograms concisely represents the complexity of relationships and intergenerationally transmitted issues. Genograms can serve as a bridge between the seen and unseen, accessible to artists and non-artists alike. While art therapy offers a more visual approach, art therapy can be off-putting to individuals who don’t identify as artists. Seeing something tangible that has only been discussed in the intangible can bring clarity for many individuals. For visual thinkers, however, visual aids help make important connections. I think talk-therapy has incredible value. Recently Added Updates to this Genogram Key: Once aware, we can become empowered to make more informed decisions about our own behaviors. ![]() (The field of intergenerational trauma seeks to understand these links in psychology and genealogy.) The genogram is a helpful tool to help us notice patterns. ![]() In America, we are especially individualistic and often forget how influenced we are both explicitly and implicitly by our ancestors. It can even be used to track seemingly random events through generations, like religious devotion, teenage pregnancy, miscarriages, sexual abuse, or just about any other human experience. Genograms can be developed for an individual specifically to track addictions, cancers, emotional fusions, estrangements, psychiatric disorders, and more. While there are some standard symbols – many illustrated in this chart – genograms can be adapted in countless ways. One thing I love about genograms is that a genogram can be very flexible. ![]() Prepare yourselves, ladies and gentlemen, for the two heavyweights to square off, and understand that my opinion is thoroughly and unabashedly biased. 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And the best part is that I haven’t spent hours and days designing something online that they don’t actually feel represents them. I’ve been super fortunate to mostly hear back, “Oh my gosh, that’s exactly what I was picturing! How did you do that?!” And to that I say, “Let’s GO!”īut sometimes I do hear, “Hmm, I was thinking maybe warmer colors than what you have there,” or “I don’t love those hand illustrations or that style.” And what is my response to that? “Awesome! Let me try again to make something that feels like you!” It’s their site, and they should love it. I show them the board and ask, “Is this you?” and “Do you love it?” Not only can I gather lots of inspiration, colors, images, backgrounds, photos, and then pick what I like, but then I actually have a physical compilation to pitch to my client, without hours spent designing the website itself. When I’m dreaming up a client’s website, it’s really helpful for me to visualize it all. 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For anyone who isn’t familiar, a brand mood board is a visual reference guide that compiles all of the visual elements and ideas in one concise space. As a creative biz owner and designer, one of the most important tools I use for every project is a brand mood board. Spatially explicit population maps, including the Gridded Population of the World (GPW) 19, the Global Rural Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP) 20, LandScan 21, and WorldPOP 22, are of limited utility for long-term (e.g., multi-decadal) dynamic analyses since they only became available after the 1990s, while historical census data for the conterminous US, although available from 1790 to 2010, lack detailed information within counties 23. Therefore, the changing role of water resources in regulating where people live over longer timescales (e.g., centuries) remains to be examined, and an integrated approach in space and time is required to answer this question quantitatively.Ī significant obstacle is the availability of spatially explicit population data over long time periods. Also, the spatial units of analysis at continental or country scale 18 may not provide sufficient perspective for smaller areas, such as catchments. However, these studies were conducted as a temporal snapshot (for 2007) 5, or with a relatively narrow temporal window (between 19) 18. The relationship between human settlement density and distance to rivers has been analyzed at high spatial resolution at a global scale 5, 18, finding denser human population with increased proximity to rivers, but with regional variability based on climate, degree of urbanization, and economic development history. The dynamic and complex human–water interactions embedded within heterogeneous landscapes present significant questions about where humans live in relation to water resources. Since the 1940s and 1950s, groundwater extraction in the US has increased remarkably as groundwater pumping became economical and efficient due to the development of technology and widespread access to electricity 15, 17. Furthermore, groundwater has gradually emerged as a critical water source, largely due to its convenience, availability, and quality 15, 16. ![]() The importance of locating close to rivers has been increasingly reflected by the indirect environmental amenity value of water and the agglomeration economic effects of historical established settlements in proximity to rivers 12, 13, 14. Meanwhile, humans are more vulnerable to flood risk when settling adjacent to rivers and thus require development of flood protection measures to reduce flooding risks 11. However, humans have been able to decrease their reliance on direct proximity to rivers by developing advanced measures to transport adequate water from other sources (for example, canals or pipelines, groundwater pumping, and desalination) 6, 7, 8, 9, and shifting from waterborne transport modes to land (railways and roads) and air transport 10. Historically, humans have chosen to live close to rivers for domestic and agricultural water supply as well as for navigation purposes, which has led humans to follow the courses of rivers during migrations 1, 2, 3 and locate in proximity to rivers when establishing settlements 4, 5. Water is an attractive factor when people choose where to live. Our results reveal a historical coevolution of human-water systems, which could inform water management and contribute to societal adaptation to future climate change. Regional heterogeneity resulted in diverse trajectories of settlement proximity to major rivers, with the attractiveness of rivers increasing in arid regions and decreasing in humid areas. We show that humans were preferentially attracted to areas overlying major aquifers since industrialization due to the emergent accessibility of groundwater in the 20 th century. Here we show that humans moved closer to major rivers in pre-industrial periods but have moved farther from major rivers after 1870, demonstrating the dynamics of human reliance on rivers for trade and transport. ![]() Human societies evolved alongside rivers, but how has the relationship between human settlement locations and water resources evolved over time? We conducted a dynamic analysis in the conterminous US to assess the coevolution of humans and water resources from 1790 to 2010. ![]() You can now simulate the dynamic impact in strength analysis tasks using the Contact Interaction Calculation functionality in the Structural Mechanics and MEMS modules. Visualization demonstrates the use of selective graph transparency The graph shows electromagnetic fields, temperature gradients and mechanical thermal stresses. Multiphysical model of cascade resonator operating in millimeter 5G range. The module Geometric optics implements the possibility of faster ray tracing and specialized tools for scattering problems on the surface, taking into account roughness and volume on particles in Rayleigh and Mi formalism. Updated polarization plot settings facilitate evaluation and visualization of refracted and reflected waves in periodic structures of metamaterials or plasmon lattices. In the radio frequency and wave optics modules, another version of serial port switching is implemented for faster calculations of the full scattering matrix (S-parameters) or the matrix of transmission and reflection coefficients. Nonlinear material models will be useful for determining losses in laminated iron cores of electric motors and transformers. The updated version of the AC/DC module provides advanced tools for calculating parasitic inductance with the calculation of the L-matrix, which is relevant for the development of printed circuit boards. It now includes several types of permanent magnets, such as NdFeB, SmCo and AlNiCo, with properties dependent on temperature and electromagnetic fields. Calculation was performed using the module Fuel cells and electrolyzersģ22 magnetic materials from Bomatec were added to the material library contained in the AC/DC module. The Simulink software is developed by The MathWorks.ĭistribution of gas volume fraction in proton-exchange membrane of water electrolyzer intended for hydrogen production. The LiveLink for Simulink module will be useful to engineers who want to include COMSOL Multiphysics simulation models in Simulink control system diagrams. The module Thermodynamic properties of liquids and gases contains mathematical models for calculating the properties of gases, liquids and mixtures, which allows you to optimize the accuracy of solving the problems of acoustics, hydrodynamics and heat transfer. In addition to the set of rheological models, the module includes models for calculating the free surface in two-phase flows. Similar tasks arise in many industries: the production of polymeric materials, food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, chemical industries. The Polymer Hydrodynamics module is designed to model and optimize processes involving viscoelastic, and more generally non-Newtonian, liquids. Subscribed users of the license that includes the Batteries and Fuel Cells module will receive the Electrochemical Batteries module as part of the upgrade to version 5.6. In version 5.6, the name of the Batteries & Fuel Cells Module is changed to Battery Design Module, while retaining all functionality. ![]() COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.6 also improves the overall efficiency of solving hydrodynamic problems like this. Four products extend the capabilities of COMSOL Multiphysics in the field of fuel cell and cell modeling, polymer hydrodynamics, control and automation systems, as well as liquid and gas modeling.Īccording to the company, the modeling of curtain coating made using the Polymer Hydrodynamics module. A number of graphics tools, such as interactive sections, material textures, and selective transparency, optimize the quality visualization of simulation results. The upgrade introduces faster and less memory-demanding multi-core and cluster solvers, optimizes the import of complex geometric assemblies from CAD, and adds UI templates for modeling applications. On November 11, 2020, the company, COMSOL a provider of software solutions for multiphysical modeling, development and deployment, announced the applications release of version 5.6 of the COMSOL Multiphysics package. |
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